Features of Vertebrata
Vertebral column or spine replaces the notochord.
Cranium or skull that protects the brain. Cephalisation developed.
Endoskeleton composed of bone or cartilage. Muscles are attached to the skeleton to provide movement.
Closed circulatory system with a well developed muscular heart. Blood is oxygenated as it flows through vascularised skin, gills and lungs.
Epidermis consists of many layers of cells. May even have an exoskeleton of hair, feathers or scales.
Three types of muscles: Striated, Unstriated, Cardiac.
Coelom is well developed.
Digestive tract is complete.
Heart is ventrally situated with two, three or four chambers.
Respiratory organs may be gills, skin, buccopharyngeal cavity, lungs.
Pair of kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation.
Endocrine glands are found in all vertebrates.
